37 12 1190 http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/dd3a09372d857c789d4d2dee77ffb36d.pdf 771ff197ae2e25a211f7403061da7e08 PDF Text Text PERU Yanesha: Indian Strugg In Amazon Through the insistence of Indian people and others sympathetic to their concerns, Peru maintains a process of granting communal titles to ancestral lands occupied and used by Indian people. Communities with titles are then officially recognized as comunidades campesinas in the Andean highlands and along the Pacific coast or as comunidades nativas in the jungle areas east of the Andes. There are currently more than 4,000 such communities in Peru. There are also many Indian communities which have continual and habitual long-term use of their ancestral lands but which for a variety of reasons do not hold legal titles. Some communities are not recognized by the Peruvian government, others choose not to give the national government the authority to determine what always has been and always will be theirs, and others are too isolated geographically to actively participate within the national government's political or judicial spheres. Ideally, communal land titles provide guarantees that protect the community from external threats to their land and that officially recognize on-going rights to function as an Indian community. However, in reality many communities face severe pressure from interests who wish to displace them, such as large landowners, mining companies, and lumber companies. Authorities from the national government often collaborate with those seeking to usurp Indian land. Energies of many communities are tied up for years with bureaucratic processes for establishing and maintaining title to their land. The region of Oxapampa, east of Lima, has been a major corridor of access for development in the Peruvian jungle. Indian communities in the area experience extreme stress in maintaining their land. A major road which cuts into the area is bringing increasing numbers of colonos or homesteaders who are lured by the prospects of what mistakenly seems or may even officially be termed "unoccupied land." Ironically, many of the homesteaders are also Indian people, Quechua speakers who have been forced off their land in the mountains. For the highlanders, the major options are to migrate to the urban centers along the coast or try to continue farming by moving to the frontier towns of the jungle. A study completed in July, 1986, by the Center for Amazon Research and Development (CIPA, Centro de Investigaci6n y Promoci6n Amazonica, Av. Ricardo Palma 666-D, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru) documents the long and vigorous struggle of the Yanesha Indians of the Comunidad Nativa Tsachopen near the town of Oxapampa to maintain rights to their land. In 1884 the Peruvian government granted the Catholic Page 14 Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. �church rights to establish a mission in the area and to function in a hazily defined role as "protector" of the Indians. The Yanesha have also been threatened by homesteaders and the Summer Institute of Linguistics, an evangelical organization. After intense effort by the Y anesha, they received title to their land in 1976. But the title was annulled in 1981 as a result of strong pressure from the Catholic church, according to the CIP A documentation. Since then tensions have increased in the area as homesteaders have attempted to invade Yanesha land. In 1982, the Comunidad Nativa Tsachopen filed a court document called an acci6n de amparo which should provide immediate judicial protection against violation of constitutional rights. But for four years technically illegal judicial tactics have blocked consideration of the petition and violations of Y anesha land rights continue. CIPA states that it "has protested this grave situation to the Peruvian government, demanding effective intervention of judicial, administrative, and church authorities to reinstate territorial rights to these Indian people of the Amazon who have now been displaced." Comunidad Native Tsachopen also makes an urgent call to national and international public opinion to lend support. They request that letters be sent to the following officials and that copies of the letters and any responses to the letters be sent to CIP A: Dr. Alan Garcia Perez, Presidente de la Republica, Palacio de Gobierno, Lima, Peru. Senor Ministro de Justicia, Ministerio de Justicia, Lima, Peru. Monseftor Luis Barbaren, Conferencia Episcopal de Acci6n Social, Rio de Janeiro 488, Jesus Maria, Lima 11, Peru. MEXICO Weavers iscuss Origins Designs Zacarias Ruiz Hernandez and Emilia Gonzales de Ruiz, Zapotec weavers from the town of Teotitlan de Valle, near Oaxaca, were in the San Francisco Bay Area for the month of July. They sold their weavings and gave demonstrations of weaving techniques. During a conversation with SAIIC, Zacarias made the following comments. I started to weave in 1958. My parents taught me. It is one of the jobs of parents to teach the children to weave. Already one of our sons and our daughter weave. The tradition comes to us through our ancestors. Some designs, such as "flor de Oaxaca" have been used for many, many years. Designs like this are from the area. Also people are now interested in using the designs from the ruins at Mitla and Monti Alban. People who buy weavings are interested in these designs. Other designs I use are my own. Now there is a rebirth of weaving using natural colors and dyes. People are asking their grandparents about the natural dyes that hadn't been used for a generation. Each family has its secrets on weaving and also Emilia carding wool. Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 15 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Yanesha: Another Indian Struggle for Land in Amazon Basin (Peru) Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Yanesha: Another Indian Struggle for Land in Amazon Basin (Peru) Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (14-15).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 14-15 http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/1189bcc94749411fd29371e3ee37fadf.pdf 7d9225a6133781e953a3c496de1673bd PDF Text Text ECUADOR Road ngs M ltinationals Ru Land Threats to Indian land in the Ecuadorian Amazon have reached crisis proportions in the area around Loreto in Napo Province, home to approximately 3,000 Quichua-speaking Runa living over an area of 200,000 hectares. The menace to Indian land and culture has been clear to the Loreto Runa since the discovery of oil in the Ecuadorian Amazon in the 1970's. Neighboring Archidona Runa living in the center of development were the first to lose their lands and can no longer obtain sufficient food from their reduced resource base. Pressure on Loreto Runa land is more recent, dating from the construction of the Loreto-Coca road in 1981-83. In response, the Loreto Runa have organized with other native communities to try to obtain title to their land. Between 1982 and 1984 the San Jose Runa cleared surveyor's lines in accordance with national law that allows them to determine their traditional boundaries. However, since 1984 no land titles have been granted to Indian communities. Instead, in mid-1984 a forest reserve of 11,000 hectares was established by the government in the Loreto area and declared to be "empty of all human settlement." Right to use the forest reserve was to be awarded to African palm oil enterprises. Although the "conservation zones" were rescinded in May, 1985, pressure on the Loreto area continues. The Confederation of Indian Nations in the Ecuadorian Amazon (CONFENIAE) states that the government, multinationals, and large firms are working together to usurp Indian land (see SAIIC Newsletter, Summer, 1986, p. 8). In September, 1985, IERAC, the national land-granting agency, designated 60,000 hectares between the Napo and Aguarico Rivers to multinationals for the cultivation of African palm oil. British Petroleum was awarded a concession of 200,000 hectares in the Loreto area, and in February, 1986, IERAC announced a major new colonization project of 120,000 hectares along the Loreto-Coca road, an area where the company Plywood has been harvesting lumber for several years. Amanecer Indio, the publication of CONFENIAE, reECUADOR ports that the Indian federation FOIN conducted courses Aguarico River to prepare the Loreta Runa to defend themselves. Delegates from 20 Runa communities ., Quito have met to develop plans to legalize community land. -Nickie Irvine Nickie Irvine and Ellen Speiser are making a film that features a community in the Loreto area of Ecuador. It focuses on Indian knowledge of natural resources which permits sustainable use of the rainforest. For more information, call (415) 826-8432. Page 12 Loreto., Amazon Basin Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. �Sources in Ecuador also report the following developments there: CONFENIAE reports that many Indians are working on the African palm plantations because their traditional sources of livelihood have been destroyed. Wages on the plantations are low and efforts to organize a union have been blocked by police. The community Corazon del Oriente near the Huashito River (northwest of Coca) has encountered thousands of dead fish killed by pesticides dumped into the river by an African palm plantation. According to CONFENIAE, for every hectare of rainforest land cleared for palm plantations, approximately 94,000 plants are destroyed. It is estimated that one million trees are being cut daily in the Amazon. Attacks on Indian communities in Ecuador are not limited to the Napo region. The Confederation of Indian Nations of Ecuador (Confederaci6n de N acionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador, CONACNIE) has charged that on September 1 the Shuar Runa from Loreto area of Ecuador. community of Kukush was invaded by homesteaders. One person was killed and three were injured. In March, local authorities and military and civil police forcibly removed Indian families, including children and elders, from their homes at Centro Shuar Washikiat. Seven homes were destroyed there. The critical situation for Indian people in Ecuador becomes even more complex as the government attempts to create confusion and diffuse the focus of Indian action by creating "official" Indian organizations which have no grassroots support in Indian communities. President Leon Febres Cordero and the ministry of education have also authorized the return of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, an evangelical group that was expelled by a previous government. According to CONFENIAE, SIL works to undermine Indian cultures, impose capitalist values, destroy Indian organizations, and co-opt Indians, such as those who are trained as technicians and then contribute to the destruction of the Amazon environment. The external debt and the reduced price of oil have intensified the crisis which confronts Indian people as well as the rest of Ecuadorian society. The Ecuadorian Front for Human Rights indicates that of a total population of 8 million people, there are more than 350,000 unemployed. At least 1,200,000 other people barely subsist with minimal employment and live in extreme poverty. Inequality in the distribution of income is dramatic. The poorest 40 percent of the population receive only 13.3% of the gross national product, while the wealthiest 1.6 per cent receive 12 percent. For further information on the African palm threat to Indian people in Ecuador, see Andean Focus, Vol. III, no. 4, 1986 (198 Broadway, New York, NY 10038). Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource New Road Brings Multinationals to Runa Land (Ecuador) Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title New Road Brings Multinationals to Runa Land (Ecuador) Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (12-13).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 12-13 http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/15b13f0f16aeeb5f0af18473c66b2a29.pdf 2f7b1816463baade5c82ce63358c9bee PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Protests for Missing Persons Abducted by the Government of Guatemala Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Protests for Missing Persons Abducted by the Government of Guatemala Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (10-11).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/9fa9dff4414b8810e3936eb40ee5bcc5.pdf 1764fb562663c9bc2ed0fd2b88cefe96 PDF Text Text -,....,..~--------~----~---------- lnd ---~~--------------------~ psI eet From May 19 to 22, 1986, a meeting organized by the Center for Indian Communities and People of Eastern Bolivia (CIDOB) was held in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, to discuss Indian land. Guarani, Chiquitano, Mojeiio, Ayorode, Mataco, and other Indian people live in this area of Bolivia near the border with Brazil. Among the participants in the meeting were the Farmworkers Union and the Federation of Women Farmworkers. The topics discussed included contradictions of the colonial process, such as market dependency; capitalist appropriation of Indian land as a basis for regional development; genocide; ethnocide; slavery; and destruction of the ecosystem. The conference concluded with a statement stressing the need to promote a multinational state where all social groups can participate in government decisions. It also called for a strategy of alternative economic development in which Indians will retain control of natural resources such as vegetation, minerals, and petroleum. PARAGUAY Resist Attack ite Colony Reports from Paraguay indicate that the Sommerfeld Mennonite colony has acquired title to land long occupied by Mbya Apytere Indians in the San Juan and Jaguary communities of the Caaguazu department. Maximo Gonzalez, Amselmo Miranda, and Juan Guato, leaders of the two communities, traveled to the capiARGENTINA tal, Asuncion, Saturday, July 19, 1986, to denounce the BRAZIL most recent acts of violence against their people. They reported that on repeated occasions and by a variety of violent means the Mennonites had tried to evict the Indian communities from their land, in total disregard for their legal rights, which are guaranteed in the Indian Communities Statute and confirmed by a ruling of the Villarrica district court issued January 10, 1984. As a consequence of his declarations to the press, Maximo Gonzalez was arrested. The violations of Indian rights include the complete deforestation of an area of woodlands totaling 40 hectares, situated within the traditional territory of the Mbya Apytere communities. The land is expressly protected by the January 10 ruling, which states, "Ordering the cessation of all threatening acts until an agreement has been reached between the Indian community, the administration authorities and the inhabitants of the Sommerfeld colony." However, neither the district police nor the Institute of Indian Affairs has made any effort to ensure that the ruling is respected. Declarations of support for the Mbya Apytere can be sent to the following officials: General German Martinez, Presidente, Instituto Paraguayo del Indigena, Avenida Don Bosco 745, casi Humaita, Asuncion, Paraguay. Willys Enns, Cooperativa Sommerfeld, Casilla de Correo 166, Asuncion, Paraguay. Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mbya Apytere Resist Attack on Land by Mennonite Colony (Paraguay) Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Mbya Apytere Resist Attack on Land by Mennonite Colony (Paraguay) Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (9).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 9 http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/0e7692d40339767866721f5f2c85e2c4.pdf 1764fb562663c9bc2ed0fd2b88cefe96 PDF Text Text -,....,..~--------~----~---------- lnd ---~~--------------------~ psI eet From May 19 to 22, 1986, a meeting organized by the Center for Indian Communities and People of Eastern Bolivia (CIDOB) was held in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, to discuss Indian land. Guarani, Chiquitano, Mojeiio, Ayorode, Mataco, and other Indian people live in this area of Bolivia near the border with Brazil. Among the participants in the meeting were the Farmworkers Union and the Federation of Women Farmworkers. The topics discussed included contradictions of the colonial process, such as market dependency; capitalist appropriation of Indian land as a basis for regional development; genocide; ethnocide; slavery; and destruction of the ecosystem. The conference concluded with a statement stressing the need to promote a multinational state where all social groups can participate in government decisions. It also called for a strategy of alternative economic development in which Indians will retain control of natural resources such as vegetation, minerals, and petroleum. PARAGUAY Resist Attack ite Colony Reports from Paraguay indicate that the Sommerfeld Mennonite colony has acquired title to land long occupied by Mbya Apytere Indians in the San Juan and Jaguary communities of the Caaguazu department. Maximo Gonzalez, Amselmo Miranda, and Juan Guato, leaders of the two communities, traveled to the capiARGENTINA tal, Asuncion, Saturday, July 19, 1986, to denounce the BRAZIL most recent acts of violence against their people. They reported that on repeated occasions and by a variety of violent means the Mennonites had tried to evict the Indian communities from their land, in total disregard for their legal rights, which are guaranteed in the Indian Communities Statute and confirmed by a ruling of the Villarrica district court issued January 10, 1984. As a consequence of his declarations to the press, Maximo Gonzalez was arrested. The violations of Indian rights include the complete deforestation of an area of woodlands totaling 40 hectares, situated within the traditional territory of the Mbya Apytere communities. The land is expressly protected by the January 10 ruling, which states, "Ordering the cessation of all threatening acts until an agreement has been reached between the Indian community, the administration authorities and the inhabitants of the Sommerfeld colony." However, neither the district police nor the Institute of Indian Affairs has made any effort to ensure that the ruling is respected. Declarations of support for the Mbya Apytere can be sent to the following officials: General German Martinez, Presidente, Instituto Paraguayo del Indigena, Avenida Don Bosco 745, casi Humaita, Asuncion, Paraguay. Willys Enns, Cooperativa Sommerfeld, Casilla de Correo 166, Asuncion, Paraguay. Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Indian Groups in Eastern Bolivia Meet Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Indian Groups in Eastern Bolivia Meet Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (9).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 9 http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/916216a8b2f9fe7439c34fb3ca07ac52.pdf c9bd33d30c6a918b5b2ad9a67361108e PDF Text Text Leader iscusses of Liberation The following interview with Jose Uranari, Huarayo Indian and president of the Center for Indian Communities and People of Eastern Bolivia, was originally published in Boletin del Campesino Indigena del Oriente Boliviano (Casilla 4213, Santa Cruz, Bolivia). Boletin: I understand that you participated in a seminar in Ecuador. What was the topic? Jose: Yes. It was a seminar for clergy and Indian leaders. It was about Indian programs, and the main topics were land, Indian organizations, the old and new Church, and theology of liberation. For me it was interesting because we have had problems with Bishop Nuflo de Chavez here in the local vicarate. He is trying to force the community members to work on his ranch instead of working for the community. I have denounced this internationally. Boletin: What do you see as a positive result of the seminar? Jose I was glad to see that the church is trying to face reality, to go back and analyze the situation. The church is also aware that European religions, along with the "discovery of America," have destroyed Indian religions and languages. Now they are trying to use the theology of liberation. So we Indians asked, "What is the theology of liberation." We did not know the term, but we have always lived it and practiced it. So then we asked, "What theology are you going to practice? Are you going to make theology for us, or are we going to make our own theology?" We and our ancestors have had our own religion. We Indians used our own approach at the seminar so they would not impose their ideology and western religion on us. Although there were Christians and Indian Deacons present, we did not accept their opinions since they are already influenced by Christianity. I told them about what the Church did in my homeland during my father's time. As punishment, they removed an Indian's pants, gave him fifty lashes, and then rubbed salt in the wounds. We have also been told that many Indians were burned alive for practicing our religion, having been accused of worshipping the devil. Boletfn: How do you see Christianity responding in the face of Indian religion? Jose: The Church is beginning to respect Indian reality. I just hope that they do not use this knowledge in order to manipulate us. We must be very careful. We are going to practice our own religion. We may ask for assistance from theologians, but they are not going to do it for us. We will do it. Page 8 Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Huarayo Leader Discusses Theology of Liberation (Bolivia) Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Huarayo Leader Discusses Theology of Liberation (Bolivia) Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (8).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 8 Abstract Note This document is an interview with the Huarayo leader, Jose Urinari, published in Boletin del Campesino Indigena del Oriente. Bolivia fall 1986 Huarayo Interview Jose Urinari theology of liberation http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/5ccc52725b9279d86481bb4eab61eda4.pdf 126bf7830b2f3016a3c4f6f8cc2f459d PDF Text Text This year the games will be held from November 20 to 30 at Araracuara. The tournament will include two types of competition. Western-style games will include soccer, basketball, volleyball, and track and field. Traditional Indian games will include some that are modified to make them more competitive and others which are primarily recreational. "Tops" is played with two teams which have five to ten people each. Two kinds of tops are used, one classified as male and the other as female. Each team has a fixed number of tops. A large circle is drawn on the ground where one side must launch a female top. The other side uses male tops to try to remove the female top from the circle. "Ball" is played with a rubber ball about the size of a small soccer ball while dancing in the maloca (the traditional communal house). CHILE SAIIC has received several reports from the Mapuche organization AD-Mapu concerning continued repression of Indian people by the military government of General Augusto Pinochet. Jose Santos Millao, the president of AD-Mapu, spent several weeks in prison after being accused along with four other Indian leaders and community workers from the Universidad de la Frontera in Temuco of participating in subversive activities. Jose was released in August. Members of the AD-Mapu Cultural Theater Group, whose reOn August 26 local police hearsal was raided by police in August. raided the building where the AD-Mapu Cultural Theater Group (see SAIIC Newsletter, Spring, 1986, pp. 11-12) was rehearsing and forced everyone to lie on the floor while the director of the company and his wife were severely beaten. The group was attacked as "communist." The unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Pinochet several days before the thirteenth anniversary of the coup which brought him to power was followed by numerous instances of government-sponsored repression throughout Chile. On September 11, the day of the anniversary, the Mapuche communities of Loncoyan Grande and Hueico Chico were invaded by ten vehicles filled with military police, local police, and civilians whose faces were painted black. Three houses were destroyed and three people were wounded, includin$ Fresia Curin Chicahual, 12 years old, who was wounded in the arm; Francisca Maria Reuca, who was wounded in the leg; and Carlos Huenticona Curin, who was gravely wounded by various shots in the stomach . Other people were detained, including Juan Curin Melin, Alfonso Loncomilla, Francisco Loncomilla, Vicente Loncomilla, Jose Evaristo Huenticona, and Gabriel Chicohuel, a member of AD-Mapu. Police deny any knowledge of their whereabouts and they have not yet returned to their communities. Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AD-Mapu Reports Assaults by Government (Chile) Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title AD-Mapu Reports Assaults by Government (Chile) Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (7).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 7 Abstract Note The Mapuche people of Chile sent multiple cries for help to the SAIIC to make people aware that they were being significantly repressed by the government under Chilean dictator, Augusto Pinochet. A prominient AD-Mapu leader, among others, had been beaten by Pinochet's military for being "communists". AD-Mapu Augusto Pinochet Chile fall 1986 Mapuche http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/71dc5ff8492297d9ecdcf40550a462ea.pdf a0b038b8f836915fbf775b1cdb6079a2 PDF Text Text languages, our medicine, and O\lr systems of community education. But in recent years, along with a general awakening of human consciousness, we as people and as Indians have awakened. In this awakening we look with honor and love to the heritage of our past, and in this spirit we have begun to organize ourselves to be stronger. With steady efforts and much work we are recovering our land, to live there with our own forms of government, to proudly speak our own languages, to seek an educational system which facilitates our cultural and social development. The road we have taken is difficult because the landowners have not hesitated to kill Indians, including women and children, to imprison us, and to militarize our territories. And it is important to acknowledge that a sector of the Church has also worked against us. Because we have struggled for our liberation they have slandered us by calling us subversives and suspended health and educational services. Despite this we maintain our faith in Christ and take refuge in the words you spoke in Mexico, when you said that the Church must be rooted . in the people and committed to an identity in the culture of our communities. There also has been a sector of the Church which has seen in the struggles of Indian people the sufferings of Christ for true liberation and for the right to life that motivates our struggle. Such representatives of Christ on earth who have been with us in our struggle are also persecuted and killed, as in the case of the deaths of Father Pedro Leon Rodriguez and Alvaro Ulcue Chocue, the only Paez Indian priest. With this greeting to Your Holiness, we remember in our history the shedding of Indian blood, blood of native Americans, blood which nourishes the new world which we seek. . We are convinced that such martyrdom will bear abundant fruit. (See Page 8 for the comments of a Bolivian Indian leader on liberation theology.) Amazon Com unities To Stage I PICS The f~llowing story appeared in a recent edition of Unidad Indigena, the publication of the National Organization of Indians of Colombia (ONIC). Centuries ago the Witoto and Muinane people held sports tournaments where they played games called "tops," "ball," "spear," and "athletics." The games were mostly forgotten until about ten years ago when sports lovers began holding tournaments of European games. That reminded people of the traditional Indian games, and some priests organized a tournament called the Regional Indian Olympics of the Amazon. The first competition was held in 197 4 at Chorrera, Amazonas, and since then the games have been expanded to include many Indian groups. Poster at left announces a palin tournament sponsored by the Mapuche organization AD-Mapu in Chile last summer. Palin is an Indian game similar to hockey which is played with bent sticks and a wool ball covered with leather. Page 6 Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. �This year the games will be held from November 20 to 30 at Araracuara. The tournament will include two types of competition. Western-style games will include soccer, basketball, volleyball, and track and field. Traditional Indian games will include some that are modified to make them more competitive and others which are primarily recreational. "Tops" is played with two teams which have five to ten people each. Two kinds of tops are used, one classified as male and the other as female. Each team has a fixed number of tops. A large circle is drawn on the ground where one side must launch a female top. The other side uses male tops to try to remove the female top from the circle. "Ball" is played with a rubber ball about the size of a small soccer ball while dancing in the maloca (the traditional communal house). CHILE SAIIC has received several reports from the Mapuche organization AD-Mapu concerning continued repression of Indian people by the military government of General Augusto Pinochet. Jose Santos Millao, the president of AD-Mapu, spent several weeks in prison after being accused along with four other Indian leaders and community workers from the Universidad de la Frontera in Temuco of participating in subversive activities. Jose was released in August. Members of the AD-Mapu Cultural Theater Group, whose reOn August 26 local police hearsal was raided by police in August. raided the building where the AD-Mapu Cultural Theater Group (see SAIIC Newsletter, Spring, 1986, pp. 11-12) was rehearsing and forced everyone to lie on the floor while the director of the company and his wife were severely beaten. The group was attacked as "communist." The unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Pinochet several days before the thirteenth anniversary of the coup which brought him to power was followed by numerous instances of government-sponsored repression throughout Chile. On September 11, the day of the anniversary, the Mapuche communities of Loncoyan Grande and Hueico Chico were invaded by ten vehicles filled with military police, local police, and civilians whose faces were painted black. Three houses were destroyed and three people were wounded, includin$ Fresia Curin Chicahual, 12 years old, who was wounded in the arm; Francisca Maria Reuca, who was wounded in the leg; and Carlos Huenticona Curin, who was gravely wounded by various shots in the stomach . Other people were detained, including Juan Curin Melin, Alfonso Loncomilla, Francisco Loncomilla, Vicente Loncomilla, Jose Evaristo Huenticona, and Gabriel Chicohuel, a member of AD-Mapu. Police deny any knowledge of their whereabouts and they have not yet returned to their communities. Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Amazon Communities to Stage Indian Olympics Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Amazon Communities to Stage Indian Olympics Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (6-7).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 5-6 Abstract Note The National Organization of Indians of Colombia's (ONIC) publication Unidad Indigena, published a story recounting the history of Indians playing various games and that they would begin the games in November 1986. Amazon Indians fall 1986 Indian games Olympics http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/130e893a8d4aa6dffaeb2923e012cde5.pdf 7d59a16679cdfb5a54c2a0873daf9083 PDF Text Text COLOMBIA C I '1' Issues 1 G The Cauca Regional Indian Council (CRIC) has published the following statement on the military strife in southwestern Colombia in the latest issue ofUnidad Indlgena (Apartado Aereo 32395, Bogota, Colombia). We reject the declaration of the M-19 guerrilla movement which was announced by radio September 6, 1986. The declaration, which was made after the group had militarily taken the community of Inza, stated that Indian people are in total agreement with the war that M-19 has declared against the government. Indian organizations know that the interests of Indian people and our struggle are not compatible with the war now carried on by armed groups. We reject the war in Indian communities and territories that these guerrilla groups want to impose on us by force in clear violation of the rights of autonomy of Indian communities. The M-19 movement falsely maintains that it represents Indian interests based on the fact that some Indians are active in this group. However, those Indians act as individuals and not as members of Indian communities. Finally, we object to M-19's use of the names of Indian leaders to suit interests not compatible with those of Indian communities. Popayan, September 8, 1986 Paez Leader Tells Pope I ian Of History The following comments were made by Paez Indian Guillermo Tenorio to Pope John Paul II before a gathering of about 150,000 people in Popayan during the Pope's visit to Colombia the first week of July. Soon we will mark the SOOth anniversary of the arrival of European conquerors in our land. Much has happened since then to shape the destiny of our people. We have experienced a complete upheaval of our culture. We complete 500 years of history made in the silence of pain, contempt, Guillermo Tenorio's speech to the Pope was interrupted by a Colombian marginalization, of tortures which remain above cartoon in CRIC'sChurch official, inspiring the newspaper. unknown because they are tortures of Indian people. Our history has been a struggle of life or death for our cultures. Many brothers and sisters have succumbed to the unceasing aggression of the conquerors, but many others have persevered in our struggle. The wild mountains of the magnificent Andes, the plains, and the thick Amazon jungles are deaf witnesses to all our sufferings and hopes. Our music, the sound and the image of Indian people, bears witness to the sadness caused by the pillage of our land, the undermining of our community organizations, and the undervalueing of our Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 5 �languages, our medicine, and O\lr systems of community education. But in recent years, along with a general awakening of human consciousness, we as people and as Indians have awakened. In this awakening we look with honor and love to the heritage of our past, and in this spirit we have begun to organize ourselves to be stronger. With steady efforts and much work we are recovering our land, to live there with our own forms of government, to proudly speak our own languages, to seek an educational system which facilitates our cultural and social development. The road we have taken is difficult because the landowners have not hesitated to kill Indians, including women and children, to imprison us, and to militarize our territories. And it is important to acknowledge that a sector of the Church has also worked against us. Because we have struggled for our liberation they have slandered us by calling us subversives and suspended health and educational services. Despite this we maintain our faith in Christ and take refuge in the words you spoke in Mexico, when you said that the Church must be rooted . in the people and committed to an identity in the culture of our communities. There also has been a sector of the Church which has seen in the struggles of Indian people the sufferings of Christ for true liberation and for the right to life that motivates our struggle. Such representatives of Christ on earth who have been with us in our struggle are also persecuted and killed, as in the case of the deaths of Father Pedro Leon Rodriguez and Alvaro Ulcue Chocue, the only Paez Indian priest. With this greeting to Your Holiness, we remember in our history the shedding of Indian blood, blood of native Americans, blood which nourishes the new world which we seek. . We are convinced that such martyrdom will bear abundant fruit. (See Page 8 for the comments of a Bolivian Indian leader on liberation theology.) Amazon Com unities To Stage I PICS The f~llowing story appeared in a recent edition of Unidad Indigena, the publication of the National Organization of Indians of Colombia (ONIC). Centuries ago the Witoto and Muinane people held sports tournaments where they played games called "tops," "ball," "spear," and "athletics." The games were mostly forgotten until about ten years ago when sports lovers began holding tournaments of European games. That reminded people of the traditional Indian games, and some priests organized a tournament called the Regional Indian Olympics of the Amazon. The first competition was held in 197 4 at Chorrera, Amazonas, and since then the games have been expanded to include many Indian groups. Poster at left announces a palin tournament sponsored by the Mapuche organization AD-Mapu in Chile last summer. Palin is an Indian game similar to hockey which is played with bent sticks and a wool ball covered with leather. Page 6 Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Paez Leader Tells Pope Indian View of History Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Paez Leader Tells Pope Indian View of History Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (5-6).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 5-6 Abstract Note The leader of the Paez people, Guillermo Tenorio, recounted to the Pope at the time, John Paul II, how the Indians view history. fall 1986 Guillermo Tenorio history Paez Pope John Paul II http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/3005fd329c7f70a6f407818d5a04a86f.pdf 6d01957be52aa199a92d5dee429ce959 PDF Text Text COLOMBIA C I '1' Issues 1 G The Cauca Regional Indian Council (CRIC) has published the following statement on the military strife in southwestern Colombia in the latest issue ofUnidad Indlgena (Apartado Aereo 32395, Bogota, Colombia). We reject the declaration of the M-19 guerrilla movement which was announced by radio September 6, 1986. The declaration, which was made after the group had militarily taken the community of Inza, stated that Indian people are in total agreement with the war that M-19 has declared against the government. Indian organizations know that the interests of Indian people and our struggle are not compatible with the war now carried on by armed groups. We reject the war in Indian communities and territories that these guerrilla groups want to impose on us by force in clear violation of the rights of autonomy of Indian communities. The M-19 movement falsely maintains that it represents Indian interests based on the fact that some Indians are active in this group. However, those Indians act as individuals and not as members of Indian communities. Finally, we object to M-19's use of the names of Indian leaders to suit interests not compatible with those of Indian communities. Popayan, September 8, 1986 Paez Leader Tells Pope I ian Of History The following comments were made by Paez Indian Guillermo Tenorio to Pope John Paul II before a gathering of about 150,000 people in Popayan during the Pope's visit to Colombia the first week of July. Soon we will mark the SOOth anniversary of the arrival of European conquerors in our land. Much has happened since then to shape the destiny of our people. We have experienced a complete upheaval of our culture. We complete 500 years of history made in the silence of pain, contempt, Guillermo Tenorio's speech to the Pope was interrupted by a Colombian marginalization, of tortures which remain above cartoon in CRIC'sChurch official, inspiring the newspaper. unknown because they are tortures of Indian people. Our history has been a struggle of life or death for our cultures. Many brothers and sisters have succumbed to the unceasing aggression of the conquerors, but many others have persevered in our struggle. The wild mountains of the magnificent Andes, the plains, and the thick Amazon jungles are deaf witnesses to all our sufferings and hopes. Our music, the sound and the image of Indian people, bears witness to the sadness caused by the pillage of our land, the undermining of our community organizations, and the undervalueing of our Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CRIC Issues Statement on M-19 Guerrillas (Colombia) Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title CRIC Issues Statement on M-19 Guerrillas (Colombia) Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (5).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 5 Abstract Note The Cauca Regional Indian Council (CRIC) released a statement in regard to the military strife in Colombia, rejecting the declaration of a M-19 Guerilla movement. Cauca Regional Indian Council CRIC fall 1986 guerilla military http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/0460f446e6f42d8ab11c6d86200d630f.pdf 5e6d3e7252277ca36e76ca94d0bdf5f4 PDF Text Text ----------------- another in Brasilia to which we invited Evaristo [Nahuag, from Peru], who is now the Secretary General of the Coordinating Committee. On October 20 we'll have another meeting to set up the committee. Once this is done, we can carry out a program at an international level. We want to raise issues concerning government projects on Indians lands to an international forum, where people can have an opportunity to debate, examine, and analyze some of these projects. At a national level, we want to identify development projects, discover the origin of the capital invested in those projects, look into the possibility of interceding with those agencies, demand the re-evaluation of the viability of those projects, halt the operations of the timber companies, and demarcate Indian lands in the area, which include 70 percent of all Indian lands in Brazil." On Indian Participation in the Constitutional Assembly: "Perhaps the greatest tragedy of our Indian people has been that we have lived under the boot of the government. Before, it was under the Service for the Protection of Indians; now it is under the National Indian Foundation [FUNAI]. Today, we want to keep our identity as Indians, but we don't want to remain apart from the formation of national policies where all Brazilians are participating. We are not going to win our struggle if we don't get the respect and solidarity of the Brazilian people. We are 0.17 percent of the Brazilian population-we are very few, and we can only keep our identity as Indians as part of a common national program. That is why we are choosing representatives to the Constitutional Assembly, representatives who can legislate in Congress. Together with the support of other popular movements, we can draw up a constitution that at least assures the interests and principles of land and that acknowledges our cultural institutions. This is not a country of only one language. It's a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country. The elections will be held on November 15, and 530 representatives will be elected. We have four candidates from the Amazon and four from the Central Western region. If we can implant in the Brazilian constitution the principles of a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country, we will no longer have a samba of only one note." Radioactive Wastes J lutants In Amazon? The newspaper Folha de Sao Paulo has reported that the Brazilian military may be constructing underground installations in the Cachimbo Mountains for use as a nuclear test site and for storage of nuclear wastes from atomic powerplants. The construction site in the Amazonian state of Para was discovered by air. Many Indian peoples live within 300 kilometers of the site, including those in the Xingu Park and the Menkranoti, Kayap6, Apiaka, Rikbatsa, Kayabi, and Munduruku. There are also uncontacted groups in the area, including the Bararari and Parauari. Nuclear physicists and geologists say the sedimentary soils of the region cannot guarantee a reliable resting place for dangerous radioactive materials. They express concern for the potential negative consequences if contaminants reach a major river system, such as the Xingu. Page 4 Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. l � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Radioactive Wastes to Join Pollutants in Amazon? Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Radioactive Wastes to Join Pollutants in Amazon? Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (4).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 4 Abstract Note A newspaper reported that the Brazilian military was constructing underground sites in the Cachimbo Mountains to be used later for nuclear testing. Brazil Brazilian Government Cambicho Mountains environment fall 1986 nuclear testing Nuclear Waste http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/files/original/37e795e53223bd88ae3293714056241d.pdf 7257964a7df6e109cbe5ec0d0c13ce51 PDF Text Text Krenak Describes Indian Strategy To Resist I Projects In ,. I Ailton Krenak, Coordinator of Brazil's Union of Indian Nations (UNI), attended the Citizens' Conference of Tropical Rainforests, Indigenous People, and the World Bank. Ailton said he came to serve as "a witness to the disasters that development projects have caused for our people. I thought that it was very important to have a meeting with the taxpayers [of the United States] who give money to those projects." He also spoke about UNI's "project of life"-a plan to assure the survival of Indian people. The following are excerpts from Ailton's statements to the conference and from an interview with SAIIC., On UNI's Plan of Action: "The Amazon Alliance, the Coordinating Committee of Indigenous Populations of the Amazon Basin, the Indian participation in the Constitutional Assembly, and my participation at this conference today have to be understood as a plan of action by Indian people, directed towards setting up broad policies which address the demarcation and the effective guarantee of Indian land. We have a project of life, but we are not going to be able to realize it if it is not articulated among the Brazilian people." On the Amazon Alliance: "A significant proportion of the people of Amazonia oppose the unbridled and disorderly occupation of Amazonia being promoted by the government with financing from external sources. The people of the forest, Indians, river populations, and those such as rubber gatherers who live on extractive resources are ready to carry out an effective defense of the place where they live. The Amazon Alliance of the Peoples of tne Forest is put forth as a social proposal. Each time it was posed as an environmental issue it did not succeed in changing the Rainforest preservation is essential to Indian survival. awareness of the Brazilian government. The people who are defending Amazonia are people who historically have used the land sustainably. This alliance is questioning the development programs being implemented by the government. we are seeking the solidarity of those outside the region who are concerned about what's happening in Amazonia and of those who are following what's going on there." On the Coordinating Committee of the Indigenous Populations of the Amazon Basin: "This Coordinating Committee includes all the Indian populations of the Amazon region, including eight neighboring countries. We had a meeting in Itacoatiara [Brazil] in June and Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. Page 3 �----------------- another in Brasilia to which we invited Evaristo [Nahuag, from Peru], who is now the Secretary General of the Coordinating Committee. On October 20 we'll have another meeting to set up the committee. Once this is done, we can carry out a program at an international level. We want to raise issues concerning government projects on Indians lands to an international forum, where people can have an opportunity to debate, examine, and analyze some of these projects. At a national level, we want to identify development projects, discover the origin of the capital invested in those projects, look into the possibility of interceding with those agencies, demand the re-evaluation of the viability of those projects, halt the operations of the timber companies, and demarcate Indian lands in the area, which include 70 percent of all Indian lands in Brazil." On Indian Participation in the Constitutional Assembly: "Perhaps the greatest tragedy of our Indian people has been that we have lived under the boot of the government. Before, it was under the Service for the Protection of Indians; now it is under the National Indian Foundation [FUNAI]. Today, we want to keep our identity as Indians, but we don't want to remain apart from the formation of national policies where all Brazilians are participating. We are not going to win our struggle if we don't get the respect and solidarity of the Brazilian people. We are 0.17 percent of the Brazilian population-we are very few, and we can only keep our identity as Indians as part of a common national program. That is why we are choosing representatives to the Constitutional Assembly, representatives who can legislate in Congress. Together with the support of other popular movements, we can draw up a constitution that at least assures the interests and principles of land and that acknowledges our cultural institutions. This is not a country of only one language. It's a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country. The elections will be held on November 15, and 530 representatives will be elected. We have four candidates from the Amazon and four from the Central Western region. If we can implant in the Brazilian constitution the principles of a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country, we will no longer have a samba of only one note." Radioactive Wastes J lutants In Amazon? The newspaper Folha de Sao Paulo has reported that the Brazilian military may be constructing underground installations in the Cachimbo Mountains for use as a nuclear test site and for storage of nuclear wastes from atomic powerplants. The construction site in the Amazonian state of Para was discovered by air. Many Indian peoples live within 300 kilometers of the site, including those in the Xingu Park and the Menkranoti, Kayap6, Apiaka, Rikbatsa, Kayabi, and Munduruku. There are also uncontacted groups in the area, including the Bararari and Parauari. Nuclear physicists and geologists say the sedimentary soils of the region cannot guarantee a reliable resting place for dangerous radioactive materials. They express concern for the potential negative consequences if contaminants reach a major river system, such as the Xingu. Page 4 Vol. 3, no. 1. Fall, 1986. l � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1986) Zotero Language English Issue 1 Volume 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ailton Krenak Describes Indian Strategy to Resist Harmful Projects in Amazon Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Fall 1986 Zotero Title Ailton Krenak Describes Indian Strategy to Resist Harmful Projects in Amazon Item Type Journal Article Attachment Title Vol. 3, no. 1 (3-4).pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Publication Title SAIIC Newsletter Issue 1 Volume 3 Language English Pages 3-4 Abstract Note Ailton Krenak attended the Citizens' Conference of Tropical Rainforests, Indigenous People, and the World Bank. He did so with the intention of acting as a representative for how the developmental projects affect the Indigenous people who live there. Citizens' Conference of Tropical Rainforests fall 1986 Indigenous people World Bank